TERP TSARS

Question #1: Who was the first terpene scientist to refute “vital force” theory?
ANSWER: Friedrich Wohler

Question #2: Which German organic chemist named isoprene molecules “terpenes?”
ANSWER: Friedrich August Kekule

Question #3: Who advanced the theory that all aromatic compounds feature a hexagonal ring?
ANSWER: Friedrich August Kekule

Question #4: Who studied the aroma of fresh soil?
ANSWER: Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot

Question #5: Which famous botanist first implied synergy in cannabis, stating: “…the active principle of gánjá is not a simple substance, but consists of at least two distinct things.”?
ANSWER: David Prain

Question #6: After studying under Otto Wallach, which German chemist went on to write “The Chemistry of the Terpenes,” where he proposed that terpene oxidation products should be classified as terpenes?
ANSWER: Friedrich Huesler

Question #7: Which German pharmacologist developed a method of measuring synergy among chemical constituents called isobologram analysis?
ANSWER: Walter Loewe

Question #8: Which Israeli scientist discovered delta-9-THC, the endocannabinoid system, and coined the term “entourage effect?”
ANSWER: Raphael Mechoulam

Question #9: Which researcher is known for their work on the synergy between THC and CBD?
ANSWER: Ethan Russo

TERPENES 101

Question #1: Name 3 ways that plants use terpenes:
ANSWER:

____________________________, _____________________________, ______________________________

Question #2: Terpenes are based on interlinked chains of what compound?
ANSWER: 2-methylbutane or Isoprene

Question #3: Terpene molecules are arranged:
ANSWER: C – Head-to-tail

a. Tail-to-tail
b. Head-to-sidechain
c. Head-to-tail
d. Sidechain-to-tail

Question #4: The chemical formula for monoterpenes is:
ANSWER: B – C10H16

a. C5H8
b. C10H16
c. C15H24
d. C10H18

Question #5: The chemical formula for sesquiterpenes is:
ANSWER: A – C15H24

a. C15H24
b. C15H16
c. C15H22
d. H10C18

Question #6: Bicyclic monoterpene molecules are defined by what key feature:
ANSWER: 2 Rings

Question #7: What changes a terpene to a terpenoid?
ANSWER: Addition of an oxygen molecule

Question #8: Describe how humans perceive terpenes:
ANSWER: Aromatic molecules must match cavities in olfactory receptors

FLAVONOIDS 101

Question #1: Flavonoids serve what primary biological role in plants:
ANSWER: D – Attract pollinators with colors

a. Attract pollinators by flavor or taste
b. Defend against predators with “warning” colors
c. Deter herbivores with bitter flavorings
d. Attract pollinators with colors

Question #2: Name 3 ways that plants use flavonoids:
ANSWER:

_____________, ______________, _______________

Question #3: How many variations of flavonoids have been discovered as of 2018?
ANSWER: D – 5,000

a. 15,000
b. 25,000
c. 7,500
d. 5,000

Question #4: The basic flavonoid molecule contains how many rings?
ANSWER: B – 3

a. 4
b. 3
c. 2
d. 5

Question #5: Name the 3 flavonoids that (as of 2021) have only been found in cannabis:
ANSWER: Cannflavin A, B, and C

____________, ____________, _____________

CANNABINOIDS 101

Question #1: Name 2 plants other than cannabis that produce cannabinoids:
ANSWER: Toothache plant, black truffles, cacao, helichrysum italicum, Radula marginate, rhododendron

____________________, _____________________

Question #2: Cannabinoids are formed from which 2 compounds:
ANSWER: A – Geranyl pyrophosphate and olivetolic acid

a. Geranyl pyrophosphate and olivetolic acid
b. Geranyl pyrane acid and oliveoil fraction
c. Geranyl acetate and ollitol
d. Geranyl acid and perrotentinenic acid

Question #3: What is the base compound in the production of nearly all cannabinoids?
ANSWER: E – CBGA

a. THCV
b. CBNA
c. CBCA
d. CBNV
e. CBGA
f. THCA

Question #4: Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol is a/an _____________________ of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol:
ANSWER: D – Isomer

a. Isotoner
b. Isopropyl
c. Analogue
d. Isomer
e. Homologue
f. Isologue

Question #5: What are the 3 parts of the Endocannabinoid System (ECS)?
ANSWER: Endocannabinoids, Endocannabinoid Receptors, and Enzymes

__________________, __________________, __________________

Question #6: What is the difference between endogenous cannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids?
ANSWER: Endogenous are made within the body, exogenous are made by plants or synthetically

______________________________________________________________________________________

Question #7: What is the function of enzymes in the ECS?
ANSWER: To breakdown endocannabinoids

______________________________________________________________________________________

Question #8: Name 3 medical conditions that could be treated using cannabinoid-based medicine:
ANSWER: Cancer, Epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Crohn’s disease, Multiple sclerosis, Anorexia, Irritable bowel syndrome, PTSD, Anxiolytic disorders, Addiction, Inflammation, Peripheral neuropathy, Ocular diseases, Nausea and vomiting, Neurological conditions, HIV / AIDS, Glaucoma, Arthritis, Migraine, Tourette syndrome

___________________________, ___________________________, ______________________

SYNERGY

Question #1: Match the term with the correct loose definition:
ANSWER: a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3

a. Synergy 1. One compound affecting multiple targets
b. Polypharmacology 2. A nonsensical term
c. Sinergistic bonding 3. Inactive compounds supporting active ECS compounds
d. Entourage Effect 4. 2 or more compounds with active synergy

Question #2: Geraniol, beta-pinene, alpha-humulene, and linalool have been shown to be:
ANSWER: D – Cannabimimetic

a. Bicyclic
b. Tricyclic
c. Cylized
d. Cannabimimetic
e. Antispasmoidal

Question #3: Synergy characters can include:
ANSWER: F – All of the above

a. Terpenes and flavonoids
b. Terpenes and cananbinoids
c. Terpenoids, flavones, and anticancer agents
d. Antibacterial agents, terpenoids, and cannabinoids
e. Flavonols, analgesics, terpenes, and benzodiazepines
f. All of the above

Question #4: Name the endogenous ligan that led Ben-Shabat and Mechoulam to coin the term ‘entourage effect’:
ANSWER: A – 2-Arachidonoyl-glycerol

a. 2-Arachidonoyl-glycerol
b. 2-Delta-arachidonoyl glycol
c. Arachadonoyl-2-glycophosphate
d. 2-Arachidonoyl-geranoyl

Question #5: Overall, cannabis consumers prefer whole plant products versus pure THC:
ANSWER: A – True

a. True
b. False

Question #6: While Russo, McPartland, and Mechoulam are in favor of the existence of synergy, these 3 scientists are against the concept:
ANSWER: Cogan, Duggan, Santiago

a. Fairborn, Childs, McDonald
b. Wendy, Rose, McLintock
c. Burger, Sorensen, Dumname
d. Cogan, Duggan, Santiago

Question #7: Name one obvious example of synergy in cannabis:
ANSWER: The bouquet, aroma, and/or flavor of volatile molecules (terpenes)

__________________________________________________________________